Houghton Mifflin Company Essay Example for Free

Houghton Mifflin Company Essay World War 1 is the first war in history that I may say, involved the use of technology and advances in science. The ever famous â€Å"mustard gas† was developed by the Germans, and used against the allied forces. Mustard gas is an oily liquid that readily evaporates into a very noxious and toxic gas, and are used in chemical warfare, where it burns the skin and causes very fatal respiratory and lung damages. It was used effectively against bunkers and trenches, where escape was not easy, so the efficiency of the gas is very high. The Allied forces counteract and produced the first ever effective gas mask, made from very fine activated carbon; it absorbs the poisonous gas, preventing severe damage and effect to the allied soldiers. The drawback of this mask was it reduced visibility and made the soldier vulnerable to sniper attacks. World War 1 was also the setting for the first aerial warfare. Airplanes in the form of biplanes (the first type of airplane, it was very light and it resembled the first airplanes developed by the Wright brothers). They converted simple courier and transport planes into aerial and bomber planes, mass produced the most efficient design and further improved its applications. The Germans have early aerial advantage against the allied forces because of its high amount of available fighter planes and the ever famous Zeppelin, a large dirigible or flying balloon used in bombarding and raiding Britain. But the German advantage declined starting the mid-1916 because the British forces gained aerial superiority in the Western front. Aside trench warfare; tanks were also first widely used in World War 1. Light tanks were first manufactured on 1910 and used for small wars and revolts on the British Empire. The Germans also manufactured tanks to cope up with the allied forces. Armored tanks were used later to inflict damage to enemy trenches. Besides tanks, long range artillery was also developed. High powered howitzers and cannons were fired towards enemy trenches and were proven effective against concentrated enemy troops and tanks. On sea, naval warfare was also developed. Large sea vessels carried high powered bombs and can lay siege even to distant enemy camps. The Germans was the first to use submarines on a full scale war on the sea. They can damage enemy ships without being detected or even seen. The submarine was proven to be effective as patrol on enemy sea territory and can be used as a warning if enemy naval ships were mobilized. The famous German submarine was the U-boat. It was used on unrestricted submarine warfare, in which enemy ships were targeted and sunk, even civilian ships. This unrestricted submarine warfare leads the United States to join the war on 1917. The reason was because the German U-boat was a risk to the United States trade policies with European countries. The U-boat has sunk the Lusitania on 1915, a British liner en route to the United States. It carried American citizens, and reports were published that Americans were killed during the attack. These angered the United States, thus declaring war on Germany and the Central Powers. World War 1 was not fought only on Europe. The colonies of European nations involved also joined the war. Japan for instance, joined the Allied forces to obtain German colonies on the pacific. The British expeditionary forces battled the Ottoman Empire on the desert. The expeditionary force led by T. E. Lawrence pushed the Ottoman Empire troops back into Lebanon until its defeat by the Allied forces on September 1918. The Treaty of Versailles ended the war. When the Central powers were defeated, this treaty promised peace all throughout Europe and it was the one who outlined the land and territorial distribution of lands acquired from the Central powers. I was affected by the topic because World War 1 was a very devastating war. Over 20 million casualties were reported on both sides. May were killed and wounded. I know war was against morality. But sometimes, countries and governments were blinded by their ambitions, mostly to obtain power and territories. As stated earlier, war is inevitable. Although the United Nation exists now, war is still happening. Even now, as I write this article, a war is happening, somewhere out there. War can still be prevented up to a certain extent. Peace talks must be initiated to prevent further conflicts, even if war has already broke up. Living in peace is a very good thing. I can help to achieve that, in my own little way, by respecting others’ opinion and properties. If every nation on earth can learn that, I am sure war are sure to be found on History books only. No war will happen once again. Respect is the word. References Andrea, A. J, and Overfield J. H. (1990). The Human record: Sources of Global History. Vol. 2. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Company. Heilbroner, R. H. (1974). An Inquiry into the Human Prospect. New York. Norton and Company. Keilor W. R. (2007). â€Å"World War 1†. Microsoft ® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond. Microsoft Corporation

Orphans in Jane Eyre Essay -- Jane Eyre Essays

Orphans in Jane Eyre Jane, one of the orphans in the novel Jane Eyre, is portrayed as the victim of charity.  She is also seen in others' eyes as something less or lower than themselves. Orphans are seen by wealthy people as children who are in need of their charity, and also who lack in morals, ambition, and culture. Jane tells about how she has no family; her mother and her father had the typhus fever, and "both died within a month of each other" (58; ch. 3). As if this is not bad enough, she is also excluded from being a part of the Reed family:    Me, [Mrs. Reed] had dispensed from joining the group, saying, 'she regretted to be under the necessity of keeping me at a distance; but that until she heard from Bessie, and could discover by her own observation that I was endeavoring in good earnest to acquire a more sociable and childlike disposition, a more attractive and sprightly manner - something lighter, franker, more natural, as it were - she really must exclude me from privileges intended only for contented, happy little children. (39; ch. 1)    Further, after Jane comes out of the red room, Mrs. Reed and the children go out for a carriage ride and leave Jane behind (55; ch. 3). Again, at Christmas time, "From every enjoyment I was, of course, excluded: my share of the gaiety consisted in witnessing the daily apparelling of Eliza and Georgiana, and seeing them descend to the drawing-room, dressed out in thin muslin frocks and scaarlet sashes, with hair elaborately ringleted" (60; ch. 4). This not only shows her exclusion from family and family gatherings, but also that she is not perceived to be as good, happy, or sociable as her cousins.    Her cousin John even makes her out to be something less than he, "You... ...nineteenth century was not as easy as it was for her. Most orphans were put into a workhouse and had to deal with worse conditions than she. Orphanhood was very prevalent throughout the whole novel. Almost every character was an orphan or became one. Not many characters had family members that they were able to speak of, or of they did, they were not part of the immediate family, as Jane was with the Reeds.       As lonely as Jane was, she was not as isolated, as one may believe. She was one amongst eighty girls at Lowood Institution who did not have a mother or a father, let a lone family members to care for them. She was even around many other orphans throughout the novel including the Reeds, the Rivers, and Adele.    Works Cited: Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. London, Penguin Books Ltd.: 1996. (Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Michael Mason).

Surface runoff

Wind and water erosion are now the two primary causes of land degradation. The most effective known method for erosion prevention is to increase cogitative cover on the land, which helps prevent both wind and water erosion. Vegetation acts as an interface between the atmosphere and the soil. It increases the permeability of the soil to rainwater, thus decreasing runoff. It shelters the soil from winds, which results in decreased wind erosion, as well as advantageous changes in micrometer.The roots of the plants bind the soil together, and interweave with other roots, forming a more solid mass that is less susceptible to both water and wind erosion. The removal of vegetation increases the rate of surface erosion. De Beats, Oppose, J. Glasses, G. , Knap, A,(2006) Effects of grass roots on the readability of topsoil during concentrated flow-Geomorphology Volvo. 76 Issue 1/2, pop-67. The results indicate a negative exponential relation between the relative soil detachment rate and root d ensity as well as root length density, independent of the applied flow shear stresses.A comparison between the effects of vegetation cover on sheet and rill erosion rates and those of the root area ratio of grass roots on relative soil detachment rates reveals that grass roots are very effective in reducing soil detachment rates. Objective of the Study This study aims to come up methods on how to reduce soil erosion in mountainous areas using locally or commonly known plants or garden plants. Some examples of these plants may be grass, corn and root crops. Specifically, it answers the following: 1) TO identify the soil losses Of the soil properties Of the plant covered land. ) To elucidate the effects of residue cover on run off and erosion. 3) To assess the likely impact of soil erosion in mountainous areas. Significance of the Study The study will provide alternative ways in mitigating soil erosion by using different commonly known plants or garden plants. It would also enumerate some ornamental plants or edible plants that can be used to mitigate erosion and that they are locally available and abundant. This study will also be beneficial to future engineering as it provides studies and information of how effective vegetation cover as a method for erosion reduction.Literature Review Soil Erosion Reduction Using Grass De Beats, Oppose,J. Glasses, G. Knap, A. (2006) studied effects of grass roots on the readability of topsoil during concentrated flow. . The main objective of the study is to investigate the impact of root density and root Engel density of grass on the readability of root-permeated saturated top soils. And found out that the results indicate a negative exponential relation Lewis, Timothy D. Rowan, John S. Hawse, Cathy McKenzie, Blair M. (2013) studied assessing the significance of soil erosion for arable weed seed bank diversity in agro-ecosystems.The main objective of the study is to assess the likely impact of soil erosion on the composition a nd abundance of the arable weed seed bank, and presents an overview of erosion mechanisms affecting arable land coupled with an outline of the main factors influencing arable deed seed bank abundance and composition. And found out that net erosion data conceal within-field sediment deposition within swales, foot slopes, buffer strips and hedgerows which provides a further dimension of spatial restructuring of weed assemblages. Seed size and shape also influence hydrodynamic behavior through selective entrainment and preferential deposition.

The Criminal Justice System Operates At Various Levels...

The criminal justice system operates at various levels throughout the United States (US): the federal, state, and local governments combine to perform different tasks in order to properly enforce the law throughout the US. The judicial branch of the US contains the courts system, which enforces the law by punishing those who have committed illegal acts. The act by which a court executes its power and punishes somebody with some sort of consequence is referred to as a sentence (Greene, 2011, p.1). Throughout the history of the US, there have been many famous court cases where a defendant is either wrongfully convicted or given an unfair sentence because they belong to a minority group. Such instances where a person is given an unfair†¦show more content†¦According to Greene (2011), there are several stages in the sentencing process: first, the prosecutor states their evidence in regards to the crime committed and also any aggravating circumstances to help build their case. Se cond, the defense would try to convince the judge and/or jury of the defendant’s innocence or plead for a lesser sentence. At the same time, the defense would present any mitigating circumstances to the court which would help the judge decide in the end what type of punishment would be placed upon the defendant. At the end of the sentencing process the judge decides on what sentence to impose, depending on the aggravating and mitigating circumstances presented and any sentencing guidelines provided for the type of crime committed (Greene, 2011, p.1-2). Berman et al. (2002) describes aggravating factors to be those that can cause a judge to impose a greater sentence and a mitigating factor is one that may convince a judge to place a lighter sentence or no sentence at all. Aggravating factors include: the death or serious harm of the victim, resisting arrest, damage of others property, endangering the public, being a member of a known dangerous gang, using a weapon during the c riminal act in question, or causing psychological harm to the victim (Berman et al., 2002, p. 2). Mitigating factors can range from the crime in question being the defendants first, whether or not they turn themselves into authorities, if the crime caused little or no